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Despite a in Australia and men wanting to be , there are still preventing dads from fully embracing formalized flexible working arrangements such as or .

This is a problem because we know if dads achieve work-family balance it benefits children, and .

So why are dads finding it so challenging to adopt formal flexible working arrangements to help them as a parent?

As a fathering researcher focusing on mens' adoption of flexibility, I have identified five main reasons. Work-family balance barriers include:

1. Flexibility is often feminized

Flexibility can be associated with the "."

Modifying work after becoming a parent is positioned as being for —rather than for dads.

When men do adopt flexibility for caring, some experience a backlash in the form of , especially in relation to parental leave and returning to work—even when they take .

In fact, the Australian Human Rights Commission found men were to have their leave requests rejected than women.

Recent Australian data show only 8% of organizations set targets for .

This issue is driven by deep-seated gender norms and stereotypes about work and care and it results in of the flexibility conversation.

2. There is an expectation for men to focus on their career

Men's caring responsibilities are and dads often get the message to prioritize career development and financial provision over being actively involved in their children's daily care.

In relation to this, men report for flexible working arrangements and a concern regarding the career penalties that could follow.

While of dads being more hands-on as a parent are clear—including positive outcomes for child development, for father-child bonding, and for men's well-being—negative career implications are often cited as associated with some forms of flexibility.

Underpinning the expectation for men to be dedicated to their careers are and the (a moral obligation to dedicate oneself to work).

However, Australian research shows men want more flexibility and some are even to achieve this.

3. Men don't know what they are entitled to

There is sometimes a lack of awareness from men and a lack of resources from employers surrounding .

Many dads aren't fully aware of the work-family policies available to them or where to look. They are to ask employers directly due to a perceived lack of entitlement or fears around negative judgment.

As a result, when it comes to finding out about flexibility, men often have to dig around on their own to figure out .

The lack of readily available information for men reinforces the message that flexibility for parenting is not really designed for dads.

To help overcome this issue, organizations should ensure they have conversations with fathers, and , about adjusting their work schedules when they have children.

4. Occupational barriers

Men in different positions within organizations face distinct challenges when attempting to adopt flexible caregiving arrangements.

Those in high-status roles such as senior workers or managers have a lot of control over but they are often reluctant to adopt formal flexibility for caring due to concerns it may signify to work.

In contrast, men working in lower-status roles report a lack of power to request flexibility and some report having requests denied or to not access flexibility options.

5. A lack of male role models

There is a lack of role-modeling from other men and a lack of spaces for men to about working flexibly.

Men also report being hesitant about using flexible work arrangements because they don't see their leaders embracing or themselves. This leads to concerns it could result in , leading to missed promotions or career opportunities.

Having more male leaders working flexibly for family reasons would set an example for other men but barriers exist from some leaders to be present at work.

Where to from here?

In order for things to change, men's caregiving roles must become and organizations must better support dads in adopting flexibility for caring purposes.

Some effective ways to improve the situation include having male leaders model flexibility, organizations promoting the idea that flexibility is for dads too and telling men about their work-family entitlements when they become, or are about to become, a father.

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